Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legal - 2381 Words

In 2015, same-sex marriage has been ruled legal in all 50 states but that wasn’t always the case. Gay Marriage has been a conflict since the Roman Empire. In 342 AD Christian emperors Constantius and Constans issued a law in the Theodosian Code prohibiting same-sex marriage in Rome and ordering execution for those who married. Marriage existed between a male Roman and female Roman citizen, so that marriage between two Roman males (or with a slave) would have no legal standing in Roman law. In the United States, same-sex marriage is recognized by the U.S. federal government and is legal in 35 U.S. states. Most Americans live in a jurisdiction where same-sex couples can legally marry. Same-sex marriage in New York became legal in July 24, 2011. New York is the seventh state to license same-sex marriage. As an institution that has become more egalitarian and is considered to be a human right, marriage should be made available to couples regardless of gender. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo signs a bill legalizing same-sex marriage, making the Empire State the sixth in the nation to allow gay and lesbian couples to wed, in 2009. In 2012, Barack Obama becomes the first sitting president to announce his support for same-sex marriage. Voters in Maine, Maryland and Washington state approve laws legalizing same-sex marriage, becoming the first states to do so through popular votes. In 2013, The Supreme Court strikes down part of the federal Defense of Marriage Act, requiring theShow MoreRelatedSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1288 Words   |  6 Pages Marriage is not precisely the same as it used to be interpreted. For example, women used to be their husband’s property. Sometimes the women were forced to marry whoever their parents wanted them to marry and most of the time they couldn’t leave the marriage. Nowadays women have more freedom. They can vote, they can run their own business, and they can marry whichever man they want to. The laws change as the people’s mind change. As they get more comfortable with the idea, they become more openRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal Essay14 75 Words   |  6 PagesSame sex relationships relate to when a man or woman are attracted to someone of the same gender of themselves. It is being rejected as same gender marriage denies the obvious purpose between a man and a women which is procreation (Richardson-Self, 2012). Denying same sex couples the legal right to get married, could mean that they are being denied their basic human rights to enjoy human benefits (Richardson-Self, 2012). However, the opposing view is that if gay marriage was granted the legal rightsRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1403 Words   |  6 PagesSame-Sex Marriage â€Å"I now pronounce you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  At some point in a person’s life, they have heard or will hear those words. What follows, however, has changed somewhat over the years; although, the commitment has remained the same. Those words historically indicate that until the death of a spouse, that couple shall remain together. Who should be able to determine whom that spouse is for that person? Some people judge others for their sexuality and how it is affecting them, but they never stop andRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1144 Words   |  5 PagesGay Marriage There are many issues the revolve around same-sex marriage. Many issues like: Whether same-sex should be legalized and should there be an amendment on same-sex marriage? There are multiple side to view this, but gay marriage but in my opinion gay marriage is socially accepted. it should be legal and it does affect American teens in a broad spectrum of ways. There have been a lot of issues on whether or not same-sex marriage should be legal or not. According to Burns, â€Å" The unionRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal998 Words   |  4 PagesSame sex marriage ought to be legalized on the grounds that it is uncivilized and unmerited. Marriage is a commitment between two people that cherish one another. In almost every country and culture, marriage is a commitment of loyalty and love. Marriage is an authority contract gathering two individuals together, furnishing them with profits of holy matrimony such as tax cuts and clinical privileges. The debate throughout most countries today is whether or not the rights of these profits and commitmentsRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1659 Words   |  7 Pages Same-sex couples can hardly remember a time where they were not fighting for their right to marriage in the United States. After several court cases, California Proposition Six, and their struggle against the Defens e of Marriage Act (DOMA), same-sex couples found their way into U.S. society. Many misguided studies appealed to those opposing same-sex marriage, but after several years of integrating in society, same-sex couples found the support they were looking for. Before the Supreme CourtRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal899 Words   |  4 Pages In the United States, same sex marriage became legal nationwide on June 26, 2015, when the United States Supreme Court overruled the court in favor of same sex freedom and marriage. The victory of same sex marriage came to be recognized from the Obergefell v. Hodges case which was submitted when an American Ohio man was denied and regretted to get his name on his late husband’s death certificate. Same sex marriage has been a controversial social issue in the United States for several decades. SinceRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1491 Words   |  6 PagesSame sex marriage is one of the most debatable issues in the modern world. Marriage has been accepted as the social union between a man and a woman for the past thousand years. Homosexuality was viewed with scorn, and marriages among same sex couples were prohibited in most cultures across the globe. However, gay relationships are slowly obtaining acceptance, as homosexuals have come to be expressive in fighting their rights to marry in the early 90’s. As homosexuality grows in acceptance in theRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal892 Words   |  4 PagesLove Same sex marriage is now allowed in all states across the country. But it took years and years for this â€Å"issue† to be finally laid to rest. The first state to legalize same-sex marriage was Massachusetts in 2004. There was not a last state to legalize gay marriage. The supreme court realized how many states were now legalizing it, so they just had all of the states left legalize it as well. ProCon.org supplies information that â€Å"Twenty-six states were forced to legalize gay marriage becauseRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal2253 Words   |  10 Pages1776). The recognition of same-sex marriage is an issue influenced by numerous factors, and debates continue to arise over whether people in same-sex relationships have the right to marriage. Marriage provides many benefits, legally, financially, and personally. Same-sex marriage can open up those in same-sex relationships to tax benefits and financial demands comparable to those afforded to and required of peo ple in opposite-sex marriages. Same-sex marriage also gives them legal protections, such as

Syria Essay Example For Students

Syria Essay SyriaCultural History: The modern state of Syria was not established until 1946, after the Second World War, but it is a land, which has been inhabited since ancient times. Archaeologists have unearthed evidence of habitation dating back to about 5000B.C. and Damascus is probably the worlds oldest continuously inhabited city. Greater Syria, a land area incorporating Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and present-day Syria, was the site of much conflict and conquest throughout the days of the Ancient World. This conflict has continued throughout the Middle Ages and into modern times. The Egyptians, Babylonians, Hittites have successively ruled ancient Syria, Chaldeans and Persians. It became part of Alexander the Greats empire in 333B.C. when one Alexanders generals founded the city of Antioch as its capital. Struggles between the Seleucids and the Ptolemies of Egypt followed, until 64B.C. when Syria became a province of the Roman Empire. Following the decline and collapse of the Romans and the division of the empire in the 4th century A.D., Syria became a Byzantine province and remained so for almost two and a half centuries. Cultural Identity: Syrian Arab Republic Principal cities include DAMASCUS (the capital) and ALEPPO. Most Syrians are Arabic-speaking Muslims, mainly Sunnite with significant Alawite and Druse minorities; there are also Kurds, Armenians, and CrictinsAbout 10% of the People are Christian, mainly orthodox. Arabic is the official language. Power distance: Syrias government has a lot of power with in. Comparing to other countries Syria has no power because its considers poor society. There are two class systems, its either poor, or rich which would be working with the government. Syria does not have any kind of programs that would take care of the unweallthy family the only choice they have is to go to mosques and beg for food. Unemployment is very high and it keeps on going higher for the poor level. Other Arabic countries come to Syria during summer because its known to be very cheap. Values: Syrians mostly value their kids. They believe the better the parents take care of the kids the better they turn out and in return the kids have to take care of their parents when they get older. Thats the reason they have a lot of them. -Another thing they value is friendship. Arabic girls are not allowed to have a lot of friends because that gives her a bad reputation of knowing every body been every wear. The bad thing about that is, girls are suppose to be unknown to others except their husband they are like daemons if any body breaks them they can never be fixedGreeting and Leaving-takings: Marahaba or in a Muslim way al-salam el-aucom which means hi or hello. A person would most commonly greet others or, when a person enter a room to inform the others that he is coming for that reason the ladies needed to put on their scarfs on their head. In Syria when the guy greets a guy he shakes his hand and if he is very close to him he would kiss him once on ever cheek. When ladies greet each other they always kiss each other on the checks under any circumstances. When it comes to men greeting a woman or vise-versa they just shake hands unless they are relatives they greet with the kissing one the cheek. Politeness and expressing gratitude: Syrians are very open, nice and they like to start conversation about each others life, past, and present. They always like to hear your side of the story then they try to relate with it from their experience. Every time you mention something good they say mashalah which is good for you and of its bad they say wlyalaamty that means cussing the person who did wrong or them selfs if there is no Celebration and Holidays: Syrians mostly celebrate wedding at fancy hotels not Churches a day after the ceremony that takes place at the house. Ramadan (Dec 6) fasting for a month the teaches them o think of others when their hungry. Eid Al Fitr (8 Feb), 3 days thats when Muslim people celebrate eating again, and some try to go to mekeh in Saudi Arabia for omra so they can pray. Mothers day (march 21). Eid Al Adha (17 Apr), 4 days. This holiday relatives usually visit each other brings the family together. Islamic New Years Day (8 May) thats when the quran w as introduced to the Muslims. Only Muslims celebrate by going to the mosque. Prophets Birthday 17Jul. This is a holidaythat no one takes in concretion its not know because its against the Muslim religion to celebrate birthdays. Its only connected a holy day. Christmas (25 Dec) only Christmas celebrate it among them selves. Reaction Paper EssayTopic of conversation: American should avoid talking about business out side of business spatially to family members. Syrian men favorite topic is news and what happen In the world other then Syria because they are not allowed to talk about Syria or the government of Syria because that could get killed. Syrian women like to talk about fashion, food, and each others friends. For example did you hear what happened to soPoliteness: Americans are viewed to be as shy and dont like talking. Syrians dont say thank you and have a nice day they just stop at bye. Tipping and Service: there is tipping in Syria to the waiter who followed you around the whole time your have lunch or dinner. Approximately $1.00. and there are no taxes. In a restaurant customers dont leave right after the meal like they do in America, thats when they take time to talk about their day or any thing else. Table Matters : Syrians dont have any table matters to her then having lunch at 2:00 PM and dinner at 10:00 PM as a family. Complement: Americans should give their opinion on every thing they see and occasionally complement. Syria is use to travelers from all over the world so if you have any questions just ask there always would be some nice to give you an answer. Telephone and Electricity:Syria dose not have any pay phone, if some one wants to use the phone they would have to go into a liquor store. The electricity is 250 volts AC. Dont assume That men walking arm in arm or hand in hand are homosexual. In many Middle Eastern countries, men are much more physically affectionate with their male friends and relatives than men are in the WestDo be careful at security checkpoints when traveling inside Syria. Move slowly and obey the authoritiesDont expect your phone conversations to be private (the phones may be bugged) Do compliment Syrias strides in developmentDont point at people or use your hands to give direction, as to do so is rude. Also, be careful that the sole of your shoe doesnt show when youre sittingDo make appointments and be on time, but dont be offended by a lack of punctuality by others. Also, dont be offended if the person youre meeting for business conducts other business during your appointmentDont show irritation when everythi ng stops five times a day for prayersDo shake hands and say marha-bah,A.H Hourani . (1954). Syria and Lebanon, Oxferd University pressTabitha Petran . (1972). Syria. Praeger Publishers IncVolney, G. F. C. (1987), Travel through Syria and Egypt, 2 vol., London press Malcolm B. Russell M. Islamica B, (1985), The first modern Arab state, Cambridge University Presshttp://arab.net/syria/history/sy_ancient.htmlhttp://msn.directhit.com/fcgi-bin/DirectHitMSNa.fcg?fmt=htmlqry=Syria+Governmentattrib=1http://home.msen.com/burnett/96syria.htmBibliography:

How To Stay Safe Around Your University Campus This Autumn/Winter

University can be the best part of your life. Letting certain things spoil that due to carelessness or a lack of responsibility can seriously damage your time in higher education. As the days get shorter and the nights darker, here at Essay Writing Service we know just how crucial staying safe and looking after yourself around campus is. Always walk in open spaces at night Be aware of your surroundings no matter what the situation and avoid walking in unfamiliar places at night. Open spaces which are likely to have more people around tend to be safer; if something happens someone is likely to see and come to help. Avoid walking through unlit public areas You may always have a route into campus through a park or wooded area but this should be off limits at night. Many wooded areas tend to be poorly lit and provide coverage for any incidences that might occur. Plan a route that will take you through a thoroughly lit area. Try to walk home in a group It can be easy to lose your friends when you are on a night out but having an action plan to stick together is a must. If someone tries to leave the group, make sure they don't go alone. People that move in groups are less likely to be the victims of any offense compared to those that are alone. Stay in touch with friends/family If you are in a situation where you are on your own, whether you have left or lost your group of friends, or are travelling back from somewhere at night, stay in touch with people. A quick message to a friend or family member to tell them you are safe goes a long way. Don't cause any unnecessary worry. Make phone-calls if necessary to help you feel more comfortable and safe when alone. Keep an eye on your locks Student areas are particularly prone to burglaries or crime so be vigilant with your locks. Always keep windows and doors locked when you leave the house, if you are home alone, and at night. If there are any problems with your locks report them immediately to your landlord to get them fixed straight away. Many landlords present keys with a label of your house number attached; it is a good idea to remove this in case you lose your keys. Place your belongings out of sight Leaving electrical or expensive equipment on show when you are not around the house is a temptation to the opportunist. As well as keeping windows and doors locked, consider putting your things out of plain sight. Insurance is a good thing to have at university because things can break or go missing all the time; Endsleigh offers tailored student insurance packages to suit your needs. (via NHS) Know your limits and be alcohol wise Going out with your friends and socialising is a big part of the university lifestyle. Being careless though can ruin an entire night and can often have very dangerous consequences. When you're at a bar, club or pub always keep an eye on your drink and refuse drinks from strangers. With the NHS announcing that every year hundreds of people are thought to be the victims of drinks spiking, as well as the increase in date rape drugs and rape cases, it is vital that you always keep an eye on your drink. Know your limits too and don't be pressurised into drinking something you don't want to. Have fun but stay safe. Don't invite strangers back Meeting someone when you are out, particularly under the influence of alcohol, can give you only a limited knowledge of that person. As trusting as they may seem, many people will take advantage of vulnerability. Whether you feel comfortable with them or not, don't invite a stranger back to your house. If you are interested in seeing that person again, arrange to meet somewhere public. Save emergency or late night numbers Have the numbers for your local services, safety watches or wardens saved in your phone. Trying to fumble around for a number that isn't there is the last thing you want. Know the late night services and schedules of your public transport options; if you are travelling alone on public transport don't sit in an empty carriage. Keep late night taxi numbers to hand too; never get into an unlicensed taxi though and always check that it is the correct vehicle before you enter. Make sure your hands are free If you are obstructed by an armful of books or other possessions you are an easy target. Have your hands free when you are walking or travelling alone at night. Many universities or self-defence programmes would advise carrying your keys in one hand just in case you need to defend yourself. Making a phone-call to feel safer is a good option but be aware of what is going on around you whilst you are on your mobile, and keep your other hand free. Listening to music or using a headset isn't recommended either as you are less likely to hear someone coming towards you. Above all here at Essay Writing Services we want you to get the most out of university. Make your university time memorable but in all the rights ways by following our guidance and taking particular care when you are out at night. For more tips and help on how to survive your first term at university, head to our blog. Our professional experts can help with any areas of academia from proofreading or advising on essays, to assisting with dissertations. Don't hesitate to contact us today.

16 Sweet Quotes About First Love

16 Sweet Quotes About First Love The first brush of love is a delicious feeling. You feel fresh energy surging in your body, and you become constantly aware of your own appearance, attitude, and behavior. The effect of new love may last for the courtship period, where both partners put their best foot forward. You enjoy the romantic overtures, the subtle body language, and the anticipation of passionate love. You could fall in love many times during the course of a lifetime, but the first rush of love always holds a special place in our hearts. The novelty of the feeling, like the first drops of dew on an untouched leaf, makes it special and unforgettable. These first love quotes develop on the theme of this treasured rush called first love. George Bernard Shaw First love is a little foolish and a lot of curiosity. Branislav Nusic First love is dangerous only when it is also the last. Rosemary Rogers First romance, first love, is something so special to all of us, both emotionally and physically, that it touches our lives and enriches them forever. Benjamin Disraeli The magic of first love is our ignorance that it can never end. Thomas Moore No, theres nothing half so sweet in life as loves young dream. Alfred Lord Tennyson In the spring a livelier iris changes on the burnished dove;In the spring a young mans fancy lightly turns to thoughts of love. Leo Buscaglia Love is always bestowed as a gift - freely, willingly, and without expectation... We dont love to be loved; we love to love. Blaise Pascal We conceal it from ourselves in vain: we must always love something. In those matters seemingly removed from love, the feeling is secretly to be found, and man cannot possibly live for a moment without it. Nietzsche Love is the state in which man sees things; most widely different from what they are. William Shakespeare As sweet and musicalAs bright Apollos lute, strung with his hair;And when Love speaks, the voice of all the godsMakes heaven drowsy with the harmony. Lady Murasaki The memories of long love gather like drifting snow, poignant as the mandarin ducks who float side by side in sleep. Leo Buscaglia The heart is the place where we live our passions. It is frail and easily broken, but wonderfully resilient. There is no point in trying to deceive the heart. It depends upon our honesty for its survival. Richard Garnett Sweet are the words of love, sweeter his thoughts:Sweetest of all what love nor says nor thinks. Bayard Taylor The loving are the daring. Francois Mauriac No love, no friendship, can cross the path of our destiny without leaving some mark on it forever. Alexander Smith ï » ¿Love is but the discovery of ourselves in others, and the delight in the recognition. Rekindle the Romance in Your Relationship First love is not just for first-time lovers. You can even feel the magic with your spouse. Some  couples  have claimed that every time they stay apart for a while, their reunion is as if they just met on a first date. Some  married couples  renew their  marriage  vows to rekindle the old flame. Have you felt the same way about your partner? If you havent, you need to rekindle the  romance and walk down memory lane. Visit romantic cities like Paris or Rome, and  fall in love  in the presence of the gods of love.

Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies Essay - 9

Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies - Essay Example The company under consideration is the Burger King. It also identifies a possible business level and corporate level strategies for the organization. The American Airline Group is a company that is publicly traded and has its headquarters in Texas. This company was formed on the 9th of December 2013, with a merger between the United States Airways Group, and the AMR Corporation. These two airline companies merged to form the largest airline company all over the world. The American Airline Group operates not less than 6,700 daily flights to different locations in the world. This covers about 56 countries, and more than 336 locations found in these 56 countries (Agyenim, 2014). The American airline group has operating revenue of about 40 billion American dollars, and boasts of a workforce of over 100,000 employees. The company plans to introduce an additional 607 aircrafts, and this includes 90 wide body airplanes, and 517 narrow body airplanes. The full merger of this company, resulting to the use of a single operating certificate is expected to be complete in the later periods of 2015 (Agyenim, 2014). The merger of the two airline companies was necessitated by the bankruptcy of AMR group. The strategy used in creating this merger is referred to as the stock-swap strategy/merger. Under this strategy, the shareholders of the US Airways received 28% of the shares of the new company. The creditors of AMR, and other equity holders were to receive the remaining 72% of the shares of the new company. This process was to take two years, upon which the company will pay the creditors of AMR their interests, and other stakeholders of the company a share of the company equity (Agyenim, 2014). This is a rare occurrence in bankruptcy cases where creditors usually receive cents, on a dollar they claim. On the other hand common stakeholders of the company are always wiped out, without receiving any benefits from the

Reading Response Questions for One.Life 8 & 9 Essay

Reading Response Questions for One.Life 8 & 9 - Essay Example In my view, the church is the perfect place to worship and pray. In addition, the church makes Christians have the desire to know more about the old devotional traditions of the Christian faith, and to become fully engaged in their renaissance today. There are various strengths and weaknesses in the church. Some of the strengths include the church enabling people explore how Jesus Christ prayed, how various denominations pray (Orthodox Christians, Anglicans and Roman Catholics) and how the Psalms teach Christians to pray. Other strengths of the church is empowering believers and making them understand that praying as a church is an important part of spiritual formation. The main weakness of the church is incorporating modernity into worship whereby God is no longer given the due respect as He was being given in the early church during the time of apostles of Christ. If I were in the capacity to change, I would ensure that every single believer follows the word of God to later, remaining holy since God is Holy. Chapter 9 of the book covers the life that believers lead in their ministry of serving God. According to the chapter, believers need to live a committed and dedicated life; however, they later get it hard to maintain the committed life (McKnight, 2010). The main reason as to why believers fail to maintain the life is the mixing of money and possessions with the church. I agree with the chapter since it speaks of the practical life that believers face every day. The chapter strikes me when it introduces the issue of leading a committed life and mixing possession and money with the church; something that drifts believers (me, for that matter) away from Jesus. There are various reasons that make people find the committed life difficult to follow. Such reasons include peer pressure whereby a believer with non-believer friends would be swayed away. In addition, some people have the

Dents Disease: Symptoms, Genetics, and Treatments

Dents Disease: Symptoms, Genetics, and Treatments Dents Disease Alessander Leyendecker Junior Clinical Aspects Dents disease is a recently characterized syndrome caused by a genetic mutation that leads to a renal tubular disorder and is characterized by manifestations of proximal tubule dysfunction. The proximal tubule is responsable for the reabsorption of sodium, potassium, calcium, glucose and low-molecular-weight proteins (like retinol binding protein and ÃŽ ±1 microglobulin and ÃŽ ²2 microglobulin) and for the secretion of ammonia, toxins, drugs and H+. Therefore, a proximal tubule dysfunction like Dents disease is characterized by low-molecular-weight proteinuria (excretion of low-molecular-weight proteins in the urine), hypercalcinuria (high concentration of calcium in the urine), nephocalcinosis (deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma), nephrolithiasis (formation of crystalline aggregates that can develop anywhere along the urinary tract) and progressive renal failure. Low-molecular-weight proteinuria represents the most common symptom of Dents disease (Devuyst Thakker, 2010). Mapping: A higher disease severity in males and a lack of male to male transmission were identified by an analysis of 5 unrelated British families. The fact that females may show a milder phenotype suggests an X-linked recessive inheritance. The locus position on chromossome Xp11 was identified by linkage analysis of 2 3-generation families with Dent disease by Pook et al. (1993). Twenty X-linked polymorphic markers were used and the Linkage was established between Dents disease and the Xp1l 1 loci ARAFI (Z max = 5.42, 0 = 0.000), DXS426 (Z max = 3.61, 0 = 0.000), DXS255 (Z max = 5.48, 6 = 0.000) and DXS988 (Z max = 4.25, 0 = 0.045) to determine a locus order. In addition, DXS255 has presented a microdeletion in the affected members of one family, allowing the localization of Dents disease to Xp11.22 (Pook et al., 1993). Furthermore, another proximal renal tubular disorder associated with nephrolithiasis in a North American family and referred to as X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis has also been mapped to Xpl1.22. Suggesting that maybe there is one gene causing both X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis and Dents disease. Molecular Genetics: A study conducted by Fisher et al (1994) found a microdeletion in one Dent’s disease kindred, allowing the identification of the gene CLCN5 as a candidate. Furthermore, an investigation of 11 kindreds with renal tube disorders indentified 3 nonsense, 4 missense, 2 donor splice site mutations, 1 intragenic deletion and 1 microdeletion in CLCN5 gene (Llyod et al., 1996). Furthermore, Hoopes et al. (2005) indentified that some patients with Dents disease suffer from extra-renal symptoms such as cataract, mild intellectual impairment and hypotonia. Shared mutations in OCRL1 with the oculo-cerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe were identified in these patients. The presence of such extra-renal symptoms with mutations relating to Lowe syndrome is known as Dent disease 2. A research conducted by Bà ¶kenkamp et al. (2009) showed that low-molecular-weight proteinuria was a constant feature in all both Dent disease 1, Dent disease 2 and oculo-cerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe. However, there was a wide overlap in most of the other symptoms of the proximal tubulopathy. Nephrocalcinosis was observed more frequently in patients with Dents disease 1 than those with Dents disease 2 and Lowe syndrome; aminoaciduria, renal tubular acidosis, and renal failure was observed more frequently in patients with Lowe syndrome than patients with Dent-disease 1 and Dent disease disease 2. Genetics: All these findings have demonstrated that both Dent disease 1 and Dent disease 2 are a X-linked recessive inherited condition, caused by mutations in the OCRL1 (Dent disease 2) or CLCN5 (Dent disease 1) genes. These genes are located on chromosome Xp11.22 (Dent disease 1) and Xq25 (Dent disease 2). Mutation in CLCN5 are responsible for about 60% of the cases of Dent disease and mutation in OCRL are responsible for about 15% of the cases of Dent disease (Hoopes et al., 2004). So, nearly 25% of the cases of Dent disease do not have a known disease-causing mutation in OCRL or CLCN5, implying another genetic heterogeneity. Due to the fact that Dents disease is a X-linked recessive disorder, the disease is generally found in males only. Females carriers may show a milder phenotype. Furthermore, the disease may be present in early childhood (Devuyst Thakker, 2010). To date around 250 families with Dent-1 disease and about 50 patients with Dent-2 disease have been reported (Ludwig, Levtchenko Bà ¶kenkamp, 2014). The diagnosis of Dents disease is always difficult due to the wide variability of clinical presentation and, occasionally, lack of family history. Therefore, the disorder is likely underdiagnosed and the prevalence of this disease in the population is still unknown. More than 200 Dents disease 1 patients withCLCN5defects have been described with several different disease-causing mutations all over the gene. The types of mutations includes missense (44%) and nonsense (26%) mutations, small deletions/insertions (15%) and splice defects (11%), with a few hotspots, usually affecting arginine codons. Large insertions/deletions can be detected in around 4%of the patients. However, OCRLmutations in Dents disease 2 patients are not uniformly distributed. Missense mutations are usually found in exons 8–15 while nonsense or frameshift mutations very often affect exons (Ludwig, Levtchenko Bà ¶kenkamp, 2014). CLCN5 encodes the electrogenic Clà ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ »/H+ exchanger ClC-5. OCRL1 encodes a phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIPà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡) 5-phosphatase and mutations are also linked to the Lowe Syndrome. Mutations in any of these genes can culminate in the lack or dysfunction of these important proteins and result in the phenothype of Dents disease. Pathophysiology: The ability to reabsorb low-molecular-weight proteins and albumin that are ultrafiltered by the glomerulus are characteristics of the epithelial cells covering the proximal tubule portions of the nephron. This ability involves a process called receptor-mediated endocytosis. In the receptor-mediated endocytosis the particle to be endocytosed binds to specific receptor proteins concentrated at certain locations in the plasma membrane. Several types of receptors participate in the receptor-mediated endocytosis. These sites form a small depression in the plasma membrane that is covered by clathrin (a type of fibrous protein). After the binding of a ligand to plasma membrane-spanning receptors, a signal is sent through the membrane, leading to membrane coating, accumulation of the ligands into coated pits, and formation of a membrane invagination. The receptor and its ligand are then opsonized in clathrin-coated vesicles. The clathrin confers stability to the vesicle that are being transp orted into the cell. In the cytoplasm the vesicle loses its clathrin coverage and individual vesicles fuse to early endosomes. The acidification of endosomes by proton pumps ATP-dependent leads to the dissociation of the protein-receptor complex. This process allows the endosomes to fuse with the lysosomes through late endosomes. This acidification is reached by ATP-mediated transport of cytosolic H+ through the V-ATPase and demand an equal Cl conductance to preserve electroneutrality. It has been theorized that the H+ gradient can be neutralized by the C1C-5 action. In theory, ClC-5 provides an electrical shunt to neutralize the H+ gradient. Therefore, the vesicular acidification should be impaired by the loss of the endosomal Cl conductance mediated by ClC-5, resulting in the dysfunction of proximal tubule cells. To confirm this hypothesis, Piwon et al. (2000) created two distinct strains of ClC-5 knock-out (KO) mice which both have symptoms of the main characteristics of Dentâ₠¬â„¢s disease including manifestations of proximal tubule dysfunction like low-molecular-weight proteinuria. A reduced acidification of early endosomes in ClC-5-deficient mice have been demonstrated by in vitro experiments. However, ClC-5 is a 2Cl/H+ exchanger and not just a Cl channel, so the importance of this exchange activity for Dent’s disease was still unknown and needed to be assessed. In order to investigate this relevant question, Novarino et al. (2010) created a knock-in (KI) mouse presenting a point mutation in a important glutamate residue which transforms the exchanger into an uncoupled Cl channel that should help the endosomal acidification. The conventional ClC-5 KO mouse was subsequently compared with the KI mice. Acidification of the renal endosomes from wild-type and KI mice was regular, but greatly impaired in KO mice. Nevertheless, the same symptoms were indentified in both KI and KO mice, despite normal endosomal acidification and patients with Dentâ€⠄¢s disease, including low-molecular-weight proteinuria, hypercalciuria and hyperphosphaturia. Moreover, both the KI and KO mouse presented impaired proximal tubule endocytosis, indicating that proximal tubule dysfunction in Dent’s disease may happen in spite of the regular acidification of the endosomes. These findings indicate a function for a diminished endosomal Cl accumulation in Dent’s disease. Diagnosis: The clinical diagnosis of Dent’s disease is grounded on the presence of low-molecular-weight proteinuria, hypercalciuria, and at least one of the following characteristics: kidney stones, hematuria, nephrocalcinosis, renal insufficiency or hypophosphataemia (Hoopes et al., 2004). The clinical diagnosis can also be supported by nephrolithiasis and/or history of X-linked inheritance of renal Fanconi syndrome. The diagnosis can be confirmed by the recognition of mutation in both CLCN5 or OCRL1 by sequence analysis. Sequence analysis of affected males allows the identification of whole-gene deletions, multiexonic and exonic due to the lack of amplification is this case. Confirmation may also require deletion/duplication studies. It is imperative to previously identify the disease-causing mutation in the family when conducting a carrier test for at-risk relatives. The diagnosis of Dent disease 2, related with OCRL1 mutations, is more common than a diagnosis of Lowe syndrome when th ere are an absence of clinical symptoms and lack of severe intellectual deficit. Treatment: The reduction of hypercalciuria, prevention of nephrocalcinosis and kidney stones, and retardate the evolution of chronic kidney disease (nephrolithiasis) are the objectives of the current treatment. Thiazide diuretics in doses higher than 0.4 mg/kg/day have reducted urinary calcium excretion by more than 40% in males with Dent disease (Raja et al., 2002). However, side effects like hypokalemia, volume depletion, and cramping often occur. Similarly, we need to be cautious due to the fact that an increased hypercalciuria can result from the treatment of rickets with vitamin D. Furthermore, recent studies has been shown that a high citrate diet can slow the progression of chronic kidney disease in CLCN5 knockout mice (Cebotaru et al., 2005) and can be efficiently used to treat Dent disease. Genetic Counseling: The two types of Dent’s disease are X-linked. Therefore, men are affected more harshly. The father of an affected man will not have the disease or will he be a carrier of the mutation. The probability of transmitting the disease allele in each pregnancy is 50% if the mother of the proband is a carrier. Males who inherit the mutation will be affected and females who inherit the mutation will be carriers and will generally not be strongly affected. Affected men pass the disease-causing mutation to all of their daughters (who become carriers) and none of their sons. It is possible to conduct carrier testing for at-risk female relatives and prenatal testing for pregnancies at increased. 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